Wireless Network Technologies for Enabling the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Technical Review

Abstract

The Internet of Things environment is based essentially on disparate wireless communication technologies to provide connectivity between billions of connected devices in various application areas. Today's IoT deployments require advanced wireless solutions that can address diverse requirements, including energy efficiency, transmission distance, data rates, and operational reliability, at reasonable costs in large-scale implementations. Software-programmed networking architectures show off massive performance gains in the management of excessive-density wi-fi ecosystems, attaining superior throughput behavior and decreased latency measures important for present-day IoT usage. Strength-efficient wireless protocol implementations facilitate longer operational lifetimes for battery-pushed sensor nodes using clever energy control strategies and optimized transmission scheduling. Specialised short-variety technologies, along with Zigbee and Bluetooth low energy, provide personalised answers for private place networks and domestic automation setups, while medium and wide-range technologies like wireless and mobile networks deal with bandwidth-heavy applications that need internet connectivity. Low-Power Wide-Area Network technologies handle specialized needs for long-distance connectivity with limited power expenditure by both licensed and unlicensed spectrum implementations to obtain longer transmission ranges of multiple kilometers. Deployment issues include security exposures due to computational overloads in resource-poor devices and interoperability issues due to protocol heterogeneity in heterogeneous deployments. Next-generation fifth-generation cellular technologies present revolutionary updates through ultra-low latency communications and huge machine-type connectivity, while autonomous vehicle integration proves advanced sensor fusion abilities integrated with edge intelligence processing and blockchain security features.