Innovations and Applications of High-Power Microwave Impulse Radiating Antenna: A Review

Abstract

The increasing deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) across various domains has raised concerns regarding security and electromagnetic interference (EMI) threats. This study explores the intersection of high-power microwave (HPM) technologies, impulse radiating antennas (IRA), and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) systems for UAV detection, disruption, and neutralization. A comprehensive classification of intentional electromagnetic environments (IEME) is presented, outlining the potential vulnerabilities of UAV sensor modules to electromagnetic attacks. Various high-power antenna configurations, including slotted waveguide arrays, helical reflectarray, and circularly polarized reflectarray, are analyzed for their applicability in counter-UAV operations. Additionally, the role of dynamic geofencing and model predictive control in UAV flight restriction is examined to complement electromagnetic-based neutralization strategies. Experimental studies and simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating HPM technologies with advanced antenna systems to achieve effective UAV mitigation. This research contributes to the advancement of directed energy applications for drone defense, offering insights into future security frameworks for agriculture.