Strengthening U.S. Supply Chains Through Sustainable Sourcing of Critical Raw Materials

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the current state of sustainable sourcing practices for critical raw materials (CRMs) within U.S. supply chains. A comprehensive analysis of 26 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 is presented, focusing on key challenges, technological innovations, and strategies for enhancing CRM sourcing sustainability. The review identifies geopolitical, economic, and environmental risks that threaten the stability of CRM supply chains, highlighting the U.S.’s dependency on foreign sources for critical materials such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Technological solutions, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Industry 4.0 technologies, are explored as promising tools to improve supply chain resilience and transparency. Additionally, the review emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable practices such as ethical sourcing, recycling, and greener mining technologies to mitigate environmental impacts and enhance the sustainability of CRM supply chains. The findings suggest that while significant challenges remain, a combination of technological advancements, sustainable practices, and policy reforms is crucial for securing a resilient and ethically sourced supply of CRMs. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and policy interventions to strengthen CRM supply chains in line with global sustainability goals.