Bricks and Brick Modification: A Bibliometric Perspective of Research Trends and Collaborations

Abstract

Introduction: Bricks have long been regarded as one of the most valuable building materials due to their cost-effectiveness, durability, and thermal insulation properties. Traditionally manufactured from clay and burned in kilns, bricks have played a vital role in the development of architecture and infrastructure across nations. Nonetheless, advancements in brick production have been driven by growing environmental concerns, the depletion of natural resources, and the increasing demand for sustainable construction techniques. Modified bricks manufactured by incorporating agricultural or industrial waste products, or alternative binders, provide enhanced environmental sustainability without compromising structural integrity.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the evolutionary trend in publications, citations, and collaborative networks, and explore the prevalent themes in bricks and brick modification-related research.

Methods: The bibliometric data for this study were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The search strategy focused on articles related to bricks and brick modification published between 2003 and 2025. The collected data was visualised using the VOSviewer software.

Results: Findings from the study indicate that the People’s Republic of China is the most influential country in the research domain, as measured by publication output and total citation counts, with four Chinese institutions leading globally. However, in terms of international research collaboration, the United States of America ranks first, followed by China. Furthermore, the major schools of thought within this research domain focus on: the transition of brick production from rudimentary pottery techniques to advanced ceramic innovations; sustainable brick production through the incorporation of waste materials into brick raw materials; the partial shift toward earthen construction materials; improvement of clay and earthen brick characteristics; the performance of brick masonry in modern buildings; the reuse of recycled bricks in mortar and concrete production; and brick market dynamics and sales.

Conclusions: Traditional clay bricks remain essential in construction, yet their production raises concerns about sustainability and resource depletion. Modified bricks, developed through the incorporation of industrial and agricultural by-products, provide an eco-friendly alternative while maintaining desirable mechanical and thermal properties. Their adoption represents a practical step toward greener construction practices; however, further research and standardization are needed to ensure widespread adoption.