A Comprehensive Review on Various Plant Diseases and Impact on Crop Yield and Quality

Abstract

Plant diseases present considerable risks to worldwide agriculture, resulting in major declines in agricultural output and quality. Comprehending the classifications, manifestations, and etiologies of these diseases is essential for formulating appropriate management strategies. This research offers an exhaustive examination of plant diseases, emphasizing fungal, bacterial, viral, nematode, and parasite infections, their routes of transmission, and the environmental conditions that affect disease outbreaks. The study is to examine the effects of plant diseases on agricultural output and investigate sophisticated detection and management strategies. A qualitative research methodology was employed, utilizing secondary data gathered from internet sources, encompassing peer-reviewed publications and conference proceedings published from 2018 to 2025. A total of 28 pertinent studies were examined to evaluate trends in disease onset, pathogen adaptation, and control strategies. The results demonstrate that climatic change, mono-cropping, and inadequate agricultural methods have intensified disease prevalence, resulting in heightened economic losses. Progress in molecular diagnostics, artificial intelligence, and integrated pest management (IPM) has demonstrated potential in enhancing early detection and sustainable control methods. Nonetheless, obstacles persist in attaining widespread implementation of environmentally sustainable alternatives. The research determined that effective plant disease management necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy, incorporating biotechnology, remote sensing, and regulatory measures. Fortifying international cooperation, augmenting farmer awareness, and investing in novel disease-resistant crops are essential for enduring agricultural sustainability. These findings have profound consequences for food security, economic stability, and environmental protection, underscoring the necessity for ongoing study and adaptive tactics to effectively combat plant diseases.