AI-Driven Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Smart Grids for Enhanced Power System Reliability

Abstract

The increasing complexity and demand for reliable power supply in modern electrical grids necessitate advanced monitoring and fault detection mechanisms. Traditional fault detection methods often suffer from inefficiencies, slow response times, and a lack of predictive capabilities AI-powered fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) have become crucial for improving the reliability of smart grid power systems. This study examines the impact of AI on fault identification, classification, and diagnosis, utilizing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methodologies to enhance grid performance. AI-based fault detection relies on real-time data acquired from smart sensors, phasor measurement units (PMUs), and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to efficiently analyze grid disruptions and accurately classify faults. Various machine learning techniques, such as support vector machines (SVMs), random forests, and artificial neural networks (ANNs), help detect anomalies and anticipate faults before they lead to severe power failures. Additionally, deep learning architectures like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) improve pattern recognition, ensuring faster and more precise fault diagnostics. This paper provides a comparative assessment of AI-driven fault detection methods in smart grids, emphasizing advantages like predictive maintenance, automated fault recovery, and real-time classification. Case studies indicate that AI-based approaches surpass conventional methods in terms of response speed, accuracy, and adaptability to fluctuating grid conditions. Furthermore, integrating AI with edge computing and cloud-based analytics enhances the scalability of fault diagnosis systems. However, challenges such as data privacy concerns, the need for high-quality datasets, and computational limitations must be addressed. Strategies like federated learning for secure data exchange and hybrid AI models for refined fault classification are explored as potential solutions. The study highlights the importance of incorporating AI-driven fault detection into modern power grids to ensure improved reliability, reduced downtime, and optimized energy management. By adopting AI-driven diagnostic frameworks, utility providers can transition toward self-adaptive grids capable of detecting and resolving faults autonomously. Future research should focus on integrating AI with renewable energy sources, developing explainable AI models for transparency in fault diagnosis, and addressing regulatory challenges associated with AI-driven smart grid operations. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on AI applications in power systems, offering a roadmap for deploying intelligent fault detection mechanisms that ensure stability and efficiency in next-generation smart grids.