Global ESG Integration in Governance: A Systematic Review of Accountability Frameworks, Challenges, and Strategic Innovations
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices into governance frameworks has become a cornerstone for promoting transparency, accountability, risk management, and sustainable development across global contexts. However, significant regional and institutional disparities remain, underscoring the need for a comprehensive examination of ESG adoption trends and challenges.
Objectives: This study aims to systematically review how ESG practices are incorporated into governance frameworks globally, identify key differences between developed and emerging economies, and provide strategic insights to enhance the alignment of governance with sustainability goals.
Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic review was conducted on 25 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025, retrieved from high-impact academic databases. Comparative analysis was applied to assess ESG integration across different regional, sectoral, and institutional settings.
Results: The findings reveal pronounced disparities between developed and emerging economies in ESG practices. Developed regions demonstrate more robust integration supported by standardized reporting, strong regulatory environments, and active board participation. Conversely, emerging markets face challenges including fragmented governance, limited institutional capacities, and cultural resistance. Nevertheless, effective ESG implementation was found to enhance governance quality, strengthen stakeholder trust, and improve institutional resilience.
Conclusions: Bridging the global gaps in ESG integration requires the establishment of universal metrics and the development of governance strategies adaptable to local contexts. The study offers practical recommendations for policymakers, corporate leaders, and researchers seeking to reinforce governance systems with sustainability-oriented practices.